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Helmet shells (Cassis tuberosa) from the West Indies, and queen conch shells (Eustrombus gigas) from the Bahamas and West Indies, arrived in Europe.This sparked a big increase in the number of cameos that were carved from shells.Although occasionally used in Roman cameos, the earliest prevalent use of shell for cameo carving was during the Renaissance, in the 15th and 16th centuries.Before that time, cameos were carved from hardstone.In 1852 Théophile Gautier titled a collection of his highly polished, lapidary poems Emaux et Camées (Enamels and Cameos).During the Roman period the cameo technique was used on glass blanks, in imitation of objects being produced in agate or sardonyx.Classically the designs carved onto cameo stones were either scenes of Greek or Roman mythology or portraits of rulers or important dignitaries.
The most famous stone "state cameos" from this period are the Gemma Augustea, the Gemma Claudia made for the Emperor Claudius, and the largest flat engraved gem known from antiquity, the Great Cameo of France.
These are very difficult to make but were popular from the late 18th century through the end of the 19th century.
Originating in Bohemia, the finest examples were made by the French glassworks in the early to mid-nineteenth century.
Stone cameos of great artistry were made in Greece dating back as far as the 3rd century BC.
The Farnese Tazza (a cup) is the oldest major Hellenistic piece surviving.
Glass cameo vessels, such as the famous Portland Vase, were also developed by the Romans.
